What is physiology in biology. What does human physiology study. Definition - what is physiology. Brief history of human physiology

Subject physiology, its content is the study of general and particular mechanisms of activity of the whole organism and all its organs and systems.

Ultimate task physiology - such a deep knowledge of the functions of the body, which would provide the possibility of active influence on them in the desired direction.

According to I.P. Pavlova, medicine, only being constantly enriched, day by day, with new physiological facts, will finally, someday, become what it should ideally be, i.e. the ability to repair the spoiled mechanism of the human body on the basis of its exact knowledge, to be applied knowledge of physiology. It is no coincidence that physiology first began to develop as a medical science. According to C. Bernard's definition, physiology is the scientific core on which all sciences rest; in essence, there is only one science in medicine: the science of life, or physiology. At the present stage, physiology poses the following tasks: learning function:

• a healthy body as a whole;
• various systems, organs, tissues, cells; study of mechanisms:
• interactions of various organs and systems in the whole organism;
• regulation of the functioning of organs and systems;
• body interactions with environment.

According to I.P. Pavlov, the task of physiology is to understand the work of the human body, to determine the significance of each of its parts, to understand how these parts are connected, how they interact, and how, as a result of their interaction, a gross result is obtained - the overall work of the body.

The very first , used in physiology were observation and inference, which, however, have not lost their significance even at the present stage. But the physiologist cannot be satisfied with observation alone, since it only answers the question, what's happening in organism. It is also important to find out how and why physiological processes take place. For this, it is necessary experience, experiments, those. influences that are artificially created by the researcher himself.

Experiments are either acute (vivisection or live cutting) or chronic; their main advantages and disadvantages are presented in Table. 1.

Studies performed on humans, as a rule, are carried out in sin options that allow you to evaluate various aspects of the functioning of the body:

• in a state of physiological rest - the norm of functioning;
• reaction to optimal loads - reaction rate;
• reactions to maximum loads - assessment of reserve capabilities.

At the same time, the biological optimum of life processes is considered the physiological norm.

Table 1. Comparison of acute and chronic experiment

The main stages in the development of physiology as a science associated with a change in the methods used:

• the pre-experimental period (ancient and middle ages), when the main methods were observations and conclusions, which often led to erroneous conclusions (the heart is the organ of the soul, the spirit is mixed through the arteries, and the blood is mixed through the veins);
• 1628 W. Harvey. "Teaching about the movement of the heart and blood in the body" - the introduction of acute experiments in physiological research;
• 1883 I.P. Pavlov. "Centrifugal nerves of the heart" - the introduction of a chronic experiment technique;
• the current stage is the integration of research at the molecular-cellular and systemic (organismal) levels, which makes it possible to combine ideas about cellular processes and their regulation at the level of the whole organism.

Basic principles of physiology:

• the body is a single system that unites various organs in their complex interaction with each other;
• the principle of structurality (integrity) - physiological processes can be carried out with the anatomical and functional integrity of all elements that provide these processes;
• “an organism without an external environment supporting its existence is impossible. Therefore, the scientific definition of an organism must also include the environment that influences it” (I.M. Sechenov, 1861);
• “all physiological mechanisms, no matter how different they may be, have only one goal - to maintain the constancy of the conditions of life in the internal phase” (K. Bernard, 1878), or homeostasis (according to Cannon);
• the principle of determinism - any activity of the organism and its organs and systems is causally determined;
• adaptation - a set of mechanisms that ensure the adaptation of the body to constantly changing environmental conditions;
• the integrity of the organism and its connection with the external environment, provided by neuro-humoral mechanisms;
• homeostasis and adaptation are the main mechanisms for ensuring life;
• the principle of reliability of biological systems: the body and its systems have a safety margin, which is provided by the following components:
  • redundancy of functioning elements (for example, 25% of lung tissue is quite enough for external respiration);
  • function reservation (out of 1 million nephrons present in the kidney, only a part of them function at the same time, the rest remain in reserve);
  • the frequency of functioning of all elements (for example, opening and closing, i.e. flickering, capillaries); duplication of functions (the heart pump has assistants in the form of peripheral hearts - skeletal muscles, the contraction of which pushes blood through the venous vessels).

Physiology of man and animals

Physiology- the science of the vital functions of the body and its structures, the mechanisms of their implementation and the laws of regulation.

In its most general form, the definition of physiology is as follows: it is the science of nature, the essence of life processes. The name physiology comes from the Greek words physis meaning nature and logos meaning science.

Physiology studies the manifestations of vital functions, ranging from the molecular level to the vital activity of the whole organism, including its behavioral reactions, consciousness and thinking. It considers the sources of energy and the role of various substances in life, the mechanisms of cell interconnection, combining them into tissues, organs, physiological systems and the whole organism, as well as the ways the organism interacts with the environment, its response to the effects of this environment, the mechanisms of adaptation to adverse conditions and maintaining health.

The term "physiology", used in the broad sense of the word, denotes a huge amount of knowledge about the essence of life processes. Since these processes are largely different in plant and animal organisms, plant physiology and human and animal physiology are distinguished.

Physiology and animals are also subdivided. Along with the fact that vertebrates and humans have many similarities in the functioning of internal organs, there are also huge differences between them, primarily in the nature and level of mental functions. This main difference is reflected in the name homo sapiens - a thinking person. The volume of the subject of research has led to the fact that in physiology they began to single out its parts as special academic disciplines: physiology of the cell, heart, blood, circulation, respiration, nervous system(neurophysiology), sensory systems, etc. Some sections of physiology studied in universities of biological and medical profile as separate academic disciplines are given below:

• age physiology studies age features human life, patterns of formation, development and extinction of body functions;
• physiology considers the impact labor activity a person on life processes, develops methods and means of providing labor that help maintain a person’s ability to work at a high level;
• aviation and space physiology studies the reactions of the human body to the influence of atmospheric and space flight in order to develop means of ensuring human life and health in conditions of low atmospheric pressure and space;
• physiology ecological reveals the features of the influence of climatic and geographical conditions and a specific habitat on the body and ways to improve the quality of adaptation to adverse environmental influences;
• physiology evolutionary and comparative examines the patterns of evolutionary development of physiological processes, mechanisms, regulations, as well as their similarities and differences in organisms at different levels of phylogenesis.

In educational institutions of a medical profile, in a single course of physiology, only some of the materials from the above specialized courses are considered. Medical school programs are course-oriented human physiology(they often use the general name of physiology).

From a single science of human physiology in a number of countries ( former USSR, post-Soviet republics, some European countries) was singled out as a separate subject pathological physiology - science that studies general patterns occurrence, course and outcome of pathological processes, diseases. In contrast, the study of the life processes of a healthy organism began to be called normal physiology. In higher medical educational institutions of Belarus, these subjects are studied separately at the departments of normal and pathological physiology. In some countries they are grouped under the name medical physiology.

Physiology has a close relationship with other fundamental theoretical medical sciences: anatomy, histology, biochemistry. Physiology, as it were, unites these sciences, uses their knowledge and creates a commonality - the foundation of biomedical knowledge, without which it is impossible to master the medical profession.

For example, today the most important problem in medicine is the treatment and prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system. What knowledge does physiology give to solve this problem? The section on cardiac physiology studies the main function of the heart as a pump and regulator of blood flow; The mechanisms of implementation of this function are elucidated: the processes of automatic generation of excitation, its conduction through specialized structures, the mechanism of heart contraction and expulsion of blood into the vascular system. Particularly much attention is paid to the study of the mechanisms of regulation of the work of the heart, its adaptation to the changing needs of blood flow in various organs. Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of control of excitability, conductivity and contractility of the heart muscle are being studied. Based on these data, modern biochemistry and pharmacology synthesize medicinal substances that provide the possibility of treating heart disorders. The subject of physiology is also the development and study of methods for studying the functions and condition of the heart. From the above materials, it becomes obvious that without knowledge of physiology, it is impossible not only to treat, but also to diagnose diseases.

A very important task of physiology is also to ensure the assimilation of knowledge about the interconnections of life processes, organs and systems, the formation of a holistic response of the body to various influences and general principles regulation of such reactions. All this should lay the foundation for the "functional thinking" of the future physician, his ability, on the basis of individual symptoms, to mentally model possible relationships and mechanisms that cause the appearance of these symptoms, to find the root cause and ways to eliminate pathological processes.

It is also important to teach future doctors to observe and study the indicators of physiological functions, to instill skills in performing diagnostic and medical manipulations.

The subject of human physiology also faces the task of determining the reserves of physiological systems, assessing the level of human health and developing ways to increase its resistance to adverse factors that occur in the labor sphere, the natural and domestic environment.

The concept and types of physiology

Physiology(from the Greek physis - nature, logos - teaching) - the science of the vital functions of the body and its structures, the mechanisms for the implementation of these functions and the laws of their regulation.

Animal physiology- a biological science that studies the vital activity of an organism, its constituent organs and tissues in relation to the external environment.

The subject of physiology is the life processes of the organism and its individual organs in connection with individual development and adaptation to environmental conditions. The problems under study include: regularities of biological processes at different structural levels, the formation of physiological functions in different age periods, mechanisms of interaction between individual body systems and the environment, features of the mechanisms of regulation of life processes in various species, methods of purposeful influence on certain physiological systems.

Under physiological function understand the manifestation of the vital activity of a cell (for example, contraction of a muscle cell), an organ (for example, the formation of urine by the kidney), a system (for example, the formation and destruction of blood cells by the hematopoietic system).

Physiology studies the manifestations of vital functions at various levels of organization of the living: molecular, cellular, organ, systemic and holistic organism, including its behavioral reactions, consciousness and thinking. Physiological science provides answers to the questions: what is the source of energy, what is the role of various substances in life, how cells interact and unite into tissues, organs, physiological systems and an integral organism. Physiology studies the ways in which an organism interacts with its environment, its reactions to changes in the environment, mechanisms for adapting to adverse conditions and maintaining health.

Used in a broad sense, the term physiology denotes a huge amount of knowledge about the essence of life processes. Since these processes are largely different in plant and animal organisms, plant physiology and human and animal physiology are distinguished.

The physiology of man and animals is also subdivided. Along with the fact that vertebrates and humans have many similarities in the functioning of internal organs, there are also huge differences between them, primarily in the nature and level of mental functions.

A huge amount of knowledge in various areas of physiological science has led to the fact that physiology began to distinguish its parts as special academic disciplines: cell physiology, physiology of the heart, blood, blood circulation, respiration, nervous system (neurophysiology), physiology of sensory systems, etc. In institutions higher education biological profile as separate academic disciplines study age-related physiology; physiology of labor, sports; aviation, space, evolutionary physiology, etc.

normal phytology- a science that studies the basic laws and mechanisms of regulation of the functioning of the body as a whole and its individual components in interaction with the environment, the organization of life processes at various structural and functional levels. The main task of physiology is to penetrate into the logic of the life of the organism.

General physiology- a section of the discipline that studies the fundamental patterns of the body's response to the impact of the environment, its main processes and mechanisms.

private physiology- a section that studies the patterns and mechanisms of functioning of individual systems, organs and tissues of the body.

cell physiology- a section that studies the basic patterns of cell functioning.

Comparative and evolutionary physiology- a section that explores the features of the functioning of different species and the same species at different stages of individual development.

environmental physiology- a section that studies the features of the functioning of the body in various physical and geographical zones, in different time periods, the physiological basis of adaptation to natural factors.

Physiology of labor activity- a section that studies the patterns of functioning of the body when performing physical and other work.

sports physiology- a section that studies the patterns of functioning of the body in the process of practicing various types of physical culture at the amateur or professional level.

Pathological physiology - the science of the general patterns of the emergence, development and course of disease-causing processes in the body.

Physiology I Physiology (Greek physis nature + logos doctrine)

a science that studies the vital activity of an integral organism and its parts - systems, organs, tissues and cells. An independent science, separated from botany, is plant physiology.

The physiology of man and animals is divided into general, particular and applied. General physiology studies processes common to organisms of different species (for example, excitation , Braking) , as well as the general patterns of the reaction (of the body to the influence of the external environment. In general F., in turn, they distinguish electrophysiology (Electrophysiology) , comparative physiology (studies physiological processes in phylogenesis different types animals), which is the basis of evolutionary physiology (devoted to the origin and evolution of life processes in connection with the general evolution of the organic world), age physiology (studies the patterns of formation and development of the physiological functions of the body in the process of ontogenesis), environmental physiology (studies the basics of adaptation (Adaptation) to different conditions of existence). Private physiology studies the processes of vital activity in certain groups or species of animals (for example, in farm animals, birds, insects), incl. in humans, as well as the characteristics of tissues and systems (for example, muscular, nervous), organs (for example, the liver, kidneys), the patterns of their association into the functional systems of the body. Section F., which studies the functions of the nervous system, information processing processes in nervous tissue, as well as the mechanisms underlying the behavior of animals and humans, is . Applied physiology studies the general and particular patterns of activity of living organisms, and above all of man, in accordance with special tasks. Applied physiotherapy includes: labor physiology; aviation physiology and space physiology (they study the reactions of the human body to the adverse effects of various factors during atmospheric and space flights in order to develop methods for protecting its flight personnel; underwater physiology; physiology of sports; physiology of nutrition, etc.

Physiology is also conditionally subdivided into normal physiology, which mainly studies the regularities of the functions of a healthy organism in its interaction with the environment, and pathological physiology (Pathological physiology) , on the basis of which clinical physiology developed, which studies the occurrence and course of functional functions (circulation, digestion, etc.) in various diseases.

As a branch of biology, physiology is closely connected with the morphological sciences—anatomy, histology, cytology, biochemistry, biophysics, cybernetics, mathematics, and other sciences, making extensive use of the principles and methods of investigation adopted in them, as well as with medicine. The main research methods in F. are experiment, incl. acute experiment or, and chronic experiment (for example, the imposition of an artificial fistula), as well as clinical and functional tests.

The main problems and directions of research in modern physiology are: the mechanisms of mental activity in humans and animals, the problems of human adaptation, especially to the action of extreme factors (emotional stress (emotional stress), etc.); mechanisms of interaction of artificial organs with the recipient's body: molecular mechanisms of nervous excitation processes; functions of cell membranes; physiological changes in the body due to environmental pollution (see Ecology), etc.: the physiology of visceral functions, and primarily homeostasis.

II Physiology (Physio- + Greek logos teaching, science)

biomedical science that studies the vital activity of the whole organism and its parts - systems, organs, tissues, cells - revealing the causes, mechanisms and patterns of the organism's vital activity and its interaction with the environment.

aviation physiology- a section of F. and aviation medicine, which studies the reactions of the human body to the influence of atmospheric flight factors (hypoxia, atmospheric pressure drops, vibrations, etc.) in order to develop methods and means of protecting flight personnel from their adverse effects.

Physiology of military labor- a section of F. and military medicine, which studies the patterns of regulation of body functions in combat training and combat situations.

Physiology- section F., studying age-related features of life, patterns of formation and extinction of body functions.

Physiology space- a section of F. and space medicine, which studies the reactions of the human body to the effects of space flight factors (, hypodynamia, etc.) in order to develop methods and means of protecting a person from their adverse effects.

Comparative physiology- a section of evolutionary physiology that studies the similarities and differences of certain functions in different representatives of the animal world in order to identify the causes and general patterns of changes in functions or the emergence of new ones.

Physiology of labor- section F., studying changes in the functional state of the human body under the influence of his labor activity, substantiating the methods and means of organizing labor, contributing to the long-term maintenance of a person's working capacity at a high level.

Physiology evolutionary- section F., studying the general patterns and features of the formation and improvement of body functions in the process of evolutionary adaptation to the environment.

Physiology ecological- section F., studying the characteristics of the life of the organism, depending on the climatic and geographical conditions and the specific habitat.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

Synonyms:

See what "Physiology" is in other dictionaries:

Physiology ... Spelling Dictionary

- (from the Greek φύσις nature and the Greek λόγος knowledge) the science of the essence of the living and life in normal and pathological conditions, that is, the laws of functioning and regulation of biological systems different levels organizations, about the limits of the norm ... ... Wikipedia

PHYSIOLOGY- PHYSIOLOGY, one of the main branches of biology (see), the tasks of the swarm are: the study of the patterns of living functions, the emergence and development of functions and transitions from one type of functioning to another. Independent sections of this science ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek physis, nature and ... logic), a science that studies the processes of life (functions) of animals and grows, organisms, their otd. systems, organs, tissues and cells. The physiology of man and animals is divided into several. closely related... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

physiology- and, well. physiologie f., German. Physiology gr. physis nature + logos science. 1. The science of vital functions, the functions of a living organism. ALS 1. Physiology explains .. studies the internal functions in the human body, such as: digestion, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Greek physiologia, from physis nature, and logos word). The science that deals with life and the organic functions through which life manifests itself. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PHYSIOLOGY ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

PHYSIOLOGY, physiology, pl. no, female (from Greek physis nature and logos doctrine). 1. The science of the functions, functions of the body. Human physiology. Physiology of plants. || These very functions and the laws that govern them. Physiology of respiration. Physiology ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

- (from the Greek physis nature and ... logic) the science of the life of the whole organism and its individual parts of cells, organs, functional systems. Physiology studies the mechanisms of various functions of a living organism (growth, reproduction, respiration, etc.) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from the Greek physis nature and ... logic), the science of the life of the body and its individual parts of cells, organs, functional systems. Physiology studies growth, reproduction, respiration and other functions of a living organism, their relationship with each other, ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek physis nature and logos - teaching) a science that studies the life of the whole organism and its individual parts using physical and chemical methods. Distinguish, on the one hand, the physiology of man, animals, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Publication date

At the present stage of development of all mankind, it is very important for each of us to know the basics of the functioning and development of our own body, this is of particular importance for those who regularly play sports. All this is due to the fact that our body is an integral and closed system that continuously works and is indicated by a set of interconnected organs, each of which performs certain functions, which ensures the stable operation of the whole organism. But as soon as one link of a well-functioning and seemingly ideal system fails, the whole chain collapses, namely, it experiences a disease.

human physiology is a biological science that is designed to study the vitality and functioning of a healthy human body, as well as its parts, that is, cells, tissues and organ systems. All science can be divided into two types: general and particular. At the same time, the task of general physiology is the study of the patterns of activity and development of tissues, the laws of their excitation and irritation. private science deals with the study of the vital activity of each of the organs, as well as the variety of their interaction in all systems of our body. It is worth noting that normal human physiology also includes sections:

Comparative physiology: the study of any similarity or, conversely, differences in functions and vital activity between representatives of the animal world. This aspect is being studied in order to determine the general patterns and causes of the evolution of body functions. In this case, special attention is paid to the interpretation of the mechanisms of physiological processes.

Evolutionary physiology: the study of general patterns, as well as the mechanisms of formation and development of the functions of the human body.

Applied science: the definition of laws and patterns, as a result of which the functions of the body were changed, practical tasks its functioning, living conditions. This section can be divided into several others:

Physiology of labor. Within the framework of this section, the general patterns of the flow of the simplest physiological processes in the human body, as well as the features of their regulation directly during labor activity, are studied.

As a result of such studies, two main tasks are solved: determining the optimal performance, developing action plans that are aimed at reducing the impact of adverse factors on the human body.

Aviation human physiology deals with the study of the characteristics of the body in flight conditions, with abrupt change pressure, which is associated with a change in altitude, acceleration and vibration.

The space aspect is closely related to the peculiarities of the mechanisms of regulation of human life activity in space flight conditions.

Clinical research is designed to study the organism that needs to be cured, namely the causes, features of the course and treatment of the disease.

Pathological physiology deals with the study of the causes of the unconventional development of the body, deviations from the norm.

Based on this, physiology is defined as a science that deals with research in the field of biochemical, mechanical, as well as physical functions of living organisms. Traditional science shares the physiology of animals and plants, but the foundations of each of the sciences are universal, regardless of the subject of study. That is, certain principles of the functioning of yeast cells can be applied to the human body.

Anatomy and human physiology can help us understand our body, the causes of diseases, features of functioning and many other aspects that will make our life easier. After all, it is very difficult to live in ignorance!

The word physiology

The word physiology in English letters (transliteration) - fiziologiya

The word physiology consists of 10 letters: g s and i and l o o f i

The meaning of the word physiology.

What is physiology?

Physiology

Physiology (from the Greek φύσις - nature and the Greek λόγος - knowledge) is the science of the essence of the living, life in normal and pathological conditions, that is, the laws of functioning and regulation of biological systems of different levels of organization ...

en.wikipedia.org

Physiology (from the Greek phýsis - nature and ...ology) of animals and humans, the science of the vital activity of organisms, their individual systems, organs and tissues and the regulation of physiological functions.

TSB. - 1969-1978

Physiology I Physiology (Greek physis nature + logos doctrine) is a science that studies the vital activity of the whole organism and its parts - systems, organs, tissues and cells.

Medical encyclopedia

Physiology of labor

Physiology of labor, a section of physiology that studies the patterns of the flow of physiological processes and the features of their regulation during human labor activity, that is, the labor process in its physiological manifestations.

TSB. - 1969-1978

PHYSIOLOGY OF LABOR - a special section of physiology devoted to the study of changes in the functional state of the human body under the influence of his labor activity and the physiological justification of the means of organizing the labor process ...

Occupational Safety and Health. - 2007

Labor physiology is a science that studies the functioning of the human body during labor activity. Its task is to develop principles and norms that contribute to the improvement and improvement of working conditions, as well as the regulation of labor.

en.wikipedia.org

plant physiology

Plant physiology, a biological science that studies the general laws governing the vital activity of plant organisms. F. r. studies the processes of absorption of minerals and water by plant organisms, the processes of growth and development ...

TSB. - 1969-1978

Plant physiology (from Greek φύσις - nature, Greek λόγος - teaching) is the science of the functional activity of plant organisms.

en.wikipedia.org

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, the science of the vital activity of districts, the organization of their functional systems and their interaction in the whole organism. Methodology F. r. based on the idea of ​​district as a complex biol. system, all functions to-roy are interconnected.

Physiology of activity

PHYSIOLOGY OF ACTIVITY - the concept of owls. scientist N. A. Bernshtein (1896–1966), who considers activity as a fundamental property of the organism and gives it theoretical. explanation as a principle...

Philosophical Encyclopedia

PHYSIOLOGY OF ACTIVITY - a concept that interprets the behavior of an organism as an active attitude to the environment, determined by the model of the future required by the organism - the desired result.

Golovin S. Dictionary of practical psychologist

The physiology of activity is a direction of psychophysiology that considers the behavior of an organism as an active attitude to the environment, determined by the model of the future necessary for the organism (the desired result).

Gritsenko V.V. Dictionary of trainer

age physiology

Age physiology, a section of human and animal physiology that studies the patterns of formation and development of the physiological functions of the body throughout ontogenesis - from the fertilization of the egg until the end of life.

AGE PHYSIOLOGY is a branch of physiology that studies the patterns of formation and age-related changes in the functions of the whole organism, its organs and systems in the process of ontogenesis (from fertilization of the egg to the termination of individual existence).

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia / Ed. V.G. Panov. — 1993

AGE PHYSIOLOGY is a science that studies the characteristics of the vital activity of an organism at different stages of ontogenesis. Tasks of V.F .: study of the features of the functioning of various organs, systems and the body as a whole ...

Pedagogical dictionary of the librarian. - St. Petersburg: RNB, 2005-2007.

environmental physiology

Ecological physiology, a branch of physiology that studies the dependence of the functions of animals and humans on the conditions of life and activity in various physical and geographical zones, at different periods of the year, day, phase of the lunar and tidal rhythms ...

TSB. - 1969-1978

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY physiology, ecologic(al); German Physiology, okologische. A branch of physiology that studies the dependence of the functions of animals and humans on the conditions of life and activity in various physical and geographic areas. zones, at different times of the year ...

Big Dictionary of Sociology

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY, a field of medicine that studies the patterns of occurrence, course and outcome of disease processes and compensatory-adaptive reactions in a diseased organism.

Modern encyclopedia. — 2000

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY is a field of medicine that studies the patterns of occurrence, course and outcomes of disease processes and compensatory-adaptive reactions in a diseased organism.

Big encyclopedic dictionary

pathological physiology

Pathological physiology, a medical scientific discipline that studies the patterns of occurrence and course of disease processes and compensatory-adaptive reactions in a diseased organism.

Human anatomy and physiology, basic knowledge

Pathological physiology - a branch of medicine and biology that studies the patterns of occurrence, development and outcome of pathological processes; features and nature of dynamic changes in physiological functions in various pathological ...

en.wikipedia.org

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY, a science that studies the life processes in a diseased organism, the patterns of occurrence, development, course and outcome of diseases.

Russian language

Physi/o/log/i/ya [y/a].

Morphemic spelling dictionary. - 2002

Institute of Physiology

Institute of Physiology - named after I. P. Pavlov (IP) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Makarov embankment, 6; Pavlovo settlement, Vsevolzhsky district), a research institution and a coordinating center for research on animal and human physiology.

Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg. — 1992

Institute of Physiology. I. P. Pavlova - one of the institutes of the Department of Biological Sciences Russian Academy Sciences. Currently located at St. Petersburg, emb. Makarova, 6 IF RAS conducts fundamental and applied research…

en.wikipedia.org

Physiology Institute named after IP Pavlov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a research institution that studies the physiological functions of animals and humans. It was organized in 1925 in Leningrad on the initiative of IP Pavlov (whose name was given to the institute in 1936).

TSB. - 1969-1978

Usage examples for physiology

In Russia, the method has been scientifically tested and confirmed, all physiological and biochemical aspects are taken into account, the physiology of respiration is thought out.

Each person has their own physiology.

Subject, content and tasks of human and animal physiology

Issues under consideration:

1. The main tasks of physiology.

2. Experimental methods.

3. Modeling of functions.

Animal physiology is a biological science that studies the life processes of an animal organism and its constituent parts (cells and subcellular structures, tissues, organs, organ systems) in their unity and relationship with the environment.

Initially, the term physiology (from the Greek physis and logos, literally - natural science) denoted the science of the animal and flora at all.

PHYSIOLOGY

With the accumulation of knowledge (XVI - XVIII centuries), independent biological disciplines emerged from physiology - zoology, botany, anatomy. The task of the latter included not only the description of the structure of the body of animals, but also the study of its functions. Only in the 19th century the section of anatomy that studies the processes of vital activity was singled out as an independent science, which retained its former name - physiology.

The main tasks of animal physiology are:

- study of the patterns of life processes (metabolism, respiration, nutrition, movement, etc.) at different structural levels;

- elucidation of the mechanisms that ensure the interaction of individual parts of the body and the body as a whole with the external environment;

— identification of qualitative differences in physiological functions in animals at different levels of evolutionary development or living in different environmental conditions;

- study of the formation of physiological functions, their formation at different stages of individual development.

In accordance with these tasks, a number of independent sections, or disciplines, are distinguished in animal physiology.

General physiology- studies the regularities of life processes inherent in all living organisms (thermodynamic foundations of metabolism and energy, the nature of irritability and movement, electrochemical manifestations of cell vital activity, the essence of growth and aging).

Private (special) physiology- explores the features of physiological functions in individual zoological subtypes, groups, classes of animals (for example, insects, fish, birds, domestic or wild mammals).

Evolutionary and ecological physiology- considers the emergence and development of functions in the process of evolution of the animal world, as well as the mechanisms of adaptation of animals to specific (sometimes unusual) living conditions.

age physiology- studies the dynamics of development and extinction of physiological functions in the process of ontogenesis. With regard to domestic animals, the periods of growth, puberty and productive activity are of greatest interest.

This division of physiology is conditional, it reflects only the prevailing trends in the development scientific research. In the training course (which, of course, cannot completely copy this or that science), information is given from all the listed sections to the extent that they are necessary for a particular specialty or specialization (animal engineer, veterinarian, biology teacher, etc.). .).

Animal physiology is closely related to other biological disciplines - anatomy, histology, embryology, biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, uses their methods and achievements. In turn, animal physiology contributes to the development of these sciences.

Combining, integrating all obtained biological knowledge, physiology provides systems approach to the study of the life of the organism, considering it as a complex, integral and dynamic system that actively interacts with the environment.

The purpose of the physiology of farm animals is to study and change the functions of animals in the direction necessary for a person in order to increase their productivity and fertility, improve product quality and maintain good condition health.

Intensive technology makes higher demands on the animals themselves, the physiological load on which increases significantly. They must have a high genetic potential and natural resistance, the ability to quickly adapt to new conditions without reducing productivity, high efficiency in the conversion of energy and feed nutrients into livestock products, and good reproductive qualities.

Naturally, all work to improve economically useful traits and improve the health of livestock should be carried out with the help of new, accelerated breeding methods and biotechnological methods based on the achievements of physiology, biochemistry and other biological sciences.

Animal physiology is an experimental science, its main method is experiment (experiment). It is the latter that serves as a source of knowledge about life processes, which are then generalized in the form of hypotheses or theories.

Experiments on laboratory and farm animals require the use of special devices and installations for influencing the body (for the purpose of stimulating or, conversely, suppressing a function), as well as for recording a response (recording mechanical work, secretory activity, and especially the electrical activity of organs). Therefore, in the physiological experiment are widely used devices based on the achievements of physics, chemistry, electronics and automation. Thanks to the progress of experimental technology, it has become possible to study processes not only in the whole organism and its organs, but also in individual cells (for example, a neuron, muscle fiber) and even in subcellular structures.

The experimental method can be applied in three versions: in the form of acute experience, chronic experience and in the form of function modeling.

At acute experience (vivisection) the animal is subjected to anesthesia and an operation is performed, the purpose of which is to gain temporary access to the internal organs, and then act on them (electrical irritation of the nerves or muscles, ligation of blood vessels, the use of targeted pharmacological drugs, etc.).

The effect is recorded if necessary.

A variety of acute experiments is the technique of isolated organs. The vital activity of the latter is supported by special techniques that ensure a metabolism close to normal (perfusion of the heart, liver, mammary gland) or simply by placing organs in nutrient media, isotonic blood solutions.

Sometimes the organ is not completely (experiments in vivo or in situ, i.e. in the place of their usual location). In this case, the blood supply system is blocked, and the organ is connected to a heart-lung machine.

Through research chemical composition blood and organ or introduction into the bloodstream of biologically active substances, if necessary, labeled with radioisotopes, study the characteristics of metabolism and regulation of organ functions. Behind last years By this method, a lot of valuable new information about the functions of the liver, mammary gland, and rumen of ruminants has been obtained.

In general, the method of acute experiments in physiology is little used, it is more often used for educational purposes.

Chronic (long-term) experiences usually carried out on specially trained animals, i.e. previously operated under aseptic conditions and recovered from the consequences of the operation. The purpose of the latter may be the imposition of fistulas on the stomach or intestines, the removal of the ducts of the digestive glands or ureters, the implantation of electrodes to irritate the organ or the removal of biopotentials, the removal of individual organs or their parts (for example, the thyroid gland, parts of the brain), the imposition of catheters on the vessels of the internal organs for regular blood sampling, etc.

Chronic experiments are carried out on intact animals. For this, special equipment is used. So, to study the energy costs or the effect on the body of the gas composition and air temperature, as well as to study the highest nervous activity animals are placed for a certain period in special chambers equipped with appropriate equipment (sensors, sources of irritation, devices for collecting exhaled air, urine and feces).

A method of recording physiological functions converted into electrical signals at a distance is gaining ground. In this case, miniature radio transmitters are used, introduced inside the body (“radio pills”) or strengthened from the outside, as well as telemetry and video recording systems. This method makes it possible to record physiological functions (respiration, cardiac activity, etc.) during the free behavior of animals or during the performance of certain work, for example, when moving under saddle.

In the future, the preliminary operational impact on animals during chronic experiments will generally be reduced to a minimum.

Feature Modeling in physiology is based on the consideration of the organism as a bio-cybernetic system.

Physiological models are diverse in form. Theoretical models include, in particular, speculative hypotheses and schemes based on logical constructions, as well as mathematical formulas and equations describing the patterns of the process (for example, an animal growth curve or a linear dynamic model of milk production).

Physical models are devices that imitate a particular function and are built on the basis of experimentally obtained quantitative parameters (an electronic model of a nerve cell, a model of an “artificial scar” in ruminants, etc.).

The simulation method allows, on the one hand, to test the correctness of physiological hypotheses outside the body, and on the other hand, to reproduce elements of certain functions on the model or to develop devices that temporarily replace some organs.

However, it must be remembered that any physical or mathematical model cannot fully capture the biological pattern, which is the result of a complex chain of interactions. Therefore, physiological modeling involves simplifying the task complex function and has limits of applicability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that physicochemical research methods are widely and fruitfully used in animal physiology: colorimetry, spectrophotometry, radiography, electron microscopy, and the method of radioactive tracers.

Laboratory animals (dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, frogs) or farm animals (poultry, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, horses) are used as experimental subjects. Experimental animals are kept in conditions that meet the criteria for humane treatment. These criteria combine the veterinary and sanitary environment, damage prevention, exclusion of stressful effects, satisfaction of the basic physiological needs of animals. From scientific and academic work experiments that are painful (without anesthesia) or painful for animals should be excluded.

Experimental data obtained in experiments on laboratory and farm animals can be used to explain the corresponding functions in humans. However, a complete analogy cannot be drawn here. Physiological processes in humans, especially those associated with higher forms of behavior, are qualitatively unique, which is due to the common influence of biological and social factors on him. Therefore, the features of physiological functions in humans are studied by special methodological techniques and are the subject of a special section of physiology - human physiology.

Control questions:

1. Main tasks and sections of physiology.

2.Experimental methods for the study of human and animal physiologists.

3. Modeling of the functions of the human and animal organisms.

⇐ Previous12345678910Next ⇒

Publication date: 2014-12-30; Read: 257 | Page copyright infringement

Studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.003 s) ...

excretory organs

The structure of the kidney: 1 - cortical layer, 2 - medulla, 3 - renal pelvis The structure of the kidneys and their significance.

What do human anatomy and physiology study

In the process of dissimilation, decay products are formed in the body, which are subject to excretion: ...

Organ of vision (Table)

The organ of vision (Table) The structure of the eye: 1- albuginea, 2- choroid. 3-vitreous body, 4 - retina, 5 - optic nerve, 6 - blind spot, 7 - cornea, 8 - lens, 9 - pupil, ...

Nervous system (Table)

Nervous system (Table) big hemisphere human brain - side view Central nervous system Nervous system brain Spinal cord large ...

Metabolism

Metabolism Metabolism of matter and energy is the main property of living things. In the cytoplasm of cells of organs and tissues, the process of synthesis of complex high-molecular compounds is constantly going on and at the same time ...

Nervous system

Nervous system In the human body, the work of all its organs is closely interconnected, and therefore the body functions as a whole. The coordination of the functions of the internal organs is provided by the nervous ...

Muscles (Table)

Part of the body: Head Name of muscles Attachment of muscles Type of muscle tissue Nature of work Functions Chewing One end to the temporal bone of the skull, the other to the jaw Striated Arbitrary Movement ...

Muscles, their structure and significance

Muscles, their structure and significance Muscle contraction ensures the movement of the body and keeping it in a vertical position. Together with the skeleton, muscles give shape to the body. Associated with muscle activity...

Urinary system (Table)

Urinary system (Table) Scheme of the structure of the urinary system: 1 - adrenal gland, 2 - kidney gate, 3 - aorta, 4 - vein, 5 - ureter, 6 - bladder, 7 - urethra ...

Blood

Blood The internal environment of the body. The exchange of substances between the body and the external environment consists in the entry of oxygen and nutrients into the body and the subsequent release of the formed ...

Skin (Table)

Skin (Table) Scheme of the structure of the skin 1 - epidermis, 2 - dermis, 3 - subcutaneous fatty tissue, 4 - hair, 5 - sebaceous gland, 6 - hair bag, 7 - hair root, 8 - sweat gland, 9 - cutaneous artery, ...

Skin The skin consists of two layers: the cuticle, or outer layer, and the actual skin, the inner layer. The cuticle, or epidermis, is the superficial layer of the skin of ectodermal origin, ...

Immunity

Immunity General value Immunity Under the immunity understand the protective systems of the body, working against all alien, united under the general name of "antigen". As an antigen...

Endocrine glands (Table)

Endocrine glands (Table) Glands Location Structure Hormones Effect on the body norm hyperfunction (excessive action) hypofunction…

visual analyzer

Visual analyzer Visual analyzer. It is represented by the perceiving department - the receptors of the retina, the optic nerves, the conduction system and the corresponding areas ...

Endocrine glands

Endocrine glands Biologically active substances - hormones - are important in the life of humans and animals. They are produced by special glands, which are rich in ...

Respiratory system (Table)

Respiratory system (Table) Scheme of the structure of the respiratory tract: 1 - nasal cavity, 2 - nasopharynx, 3 - larynx, 4 - trachea, 5 - bronchus, 6 - bronchiole, 7 - alveoli, 8 - diaphragm, ...

Respiratory system

Respiratory system Breathing is the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment. Human life is closely related to the reactions of biological oxidation ...

The internal environment of the body (Table)

The internal environment of the body (Table) Internal environment Composition Location Source and place of formation Functions Blood Plasma (50-60% of blood volume): water ...

Introduction. The concept of growth and development of the body. Age physiology studies the age-related features of body functions, their formation, preservation, extinction

Age physiology studies the age-related features of body functions, their formation, preservation, extinction, loss, compensation and restoration throughout the entire life cycle. In other words, age physiology is the physiology of ontogeny. In the study of human ontogeny, primarily indicators of growth and development are used.

The word physiology

The last two concepts are basic for age-related physiology, there are significant differences between them. Growth is usually called either in the exact sense the process of increasing the size and mass of the body (or its parts) due to an increase in the number and size of cells and non-cellular structures as a result of the predominance of anabolism processes in the metabolism and energy, or, to put it simply, an indicator of body length from the crown head to the plantar support of the foot. Thus height - This quantitative characteristics of age-related changes.

The development of an organism is an irreversible, naturally directed, continuously flowing process of not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes in the body, expressed in the complication of structure, functional specialization, improvement and the emergence of new functions, which has three components in its morphological basis: body growth, cell differentiation , tissues and organs, shaping (morphogenesis). The individual development of the organism is initially progressive (embryonic and postembryonic development until adulthood), and then regressive (aging). Hence, development includes predominantly qualitative changes organism throughout the life cycle.

The processes of growth and development are in a certain dependence on each other, due to metabolic processes and functional changes in the cells and tissues of the body, and proceed more intensively, the younger the body. Up to 20-22 years, both processes are continuous, but the speed of their flow is not always constant: periods of intensification and acceleration of growth and development are replaced by periods of weakening and slowing down, and vice versa. Human development does not stop with the cessation of growth, it acquires new age characteristics. Among other living beings, man has the longest duration of growth and development.

In the modern sense, ontogeny is not only growth and development until the period of maturity of the body, but the entire sequence of life processes, starting from the moment a fertilized egg (zygote) appears and ending with old age and death. A significant part of life is the process of maturation.

Maturation - this is the acquisition in the course of development of such a perfection of functions that provides adequate and effective reactions and forms of behavior necessary for the preservation of life and health, the implementation of social useful activity, creating a family and reproducing offspring.

Growth, development and maturation are different aspects of a single process of the body's vital activity, which is based on the metabolism and energy, the improvement of homeostasis mechanisms and the increase in the adaptability (adaptability) of the body to changes in the environment and social requirements.

Ontogeny is a series of qualitative transformations in the body, hereditarily determined and carried out under the influence of the external environment. Heredity is the transmission of parental traits and qualities to children. Some of these qualities are found without any special research (external data, posture, gait, voice, behavioral features, abilities) ^ others can be detected only through laboratory diagnostics(set of chromosomes, blood type, metabolic processes, etc.). Heredity can be favorable or burdened (unfavorable), but both are relative. Thus, the inclinations that ensure the development of abilities, under favorable conditions, are clearly manifested, and under unfavorable circumstances, they fade away, not reaching the level of development of the giftedness of parents. Burdened heredity, although

and limits the development of the child, but is not a "final verdict", it can be controlled, amenable to correction. However, hereditary traits are stable and can be traced over many generations.

Human development is unthinkable without the influence of the environment in which it is located. Numerous environmental factors can be conditionally divided into physical, chemical, biological, social, but in reality a complex of factors always acts on the body. Emphasizing the role of the environment in human development, I.M. Sechenov argued: "An organism without an external environment that supports its existence is impossible, therefore, the scientific definition of an organism must also include the environment that affects it." Considering the importance of heredity and environment for human development, one should not give preference to one of the two, or neglect one of them.

Based on numerous studies of the development of children, L.S. Vygotsky made the following generalizations formulated in the form of laws and applicable to any age. First law or first singularity child development, lies in the fact that "this is a process that takes place in time, but proceeds cyclically ... The second basic law of child development says that certain aspects of the child do not develop evenly and not proportionally."

The goal of age physiology, as defined by A.A. Markosyan, is the study of the patterns of "the formation and development of the physiological functions of the body throughout its life path from fertilization to the end of life. The main tasks of age-related physiology at present are the study of the features of the functions of organs, systems and the whole organism in ontogenesis; identification of the main factors that determine the development of the body in different age periods; establishment of objective criteria for each age period (age standards).

1. Heredity and environment.

Wednesday is the totality of the conditions surrounding a person. These conditions are made up of factors:

ü Inorganic nature (light, temperature, oxygen content);

ü Factors of organic nature (various effects exerted on a person by other living beings);

ü social factors 9mother, family, nursery, kindergarten, school, etc.)

From the environment, the body receives all the substances necessary for life, and releases unnecessary metabolic products into the environment.

Heredity- the ability of parental organisms to transmit all their characteristics and properties to their offspring. This is a property of nature.

A person's genotype determines his phenotype (external properties).

1) Prenatal development (embryonic). The formation of organs and functional systems of the child in the process of embryogenesis is under the control of the genotype, but environmental factors play an important role. For the embryo, the primary environment is the maternal organism. Many factors affecting the maternal organism affect the development of the embryo. Critical periods - the greatest sensitivity to the action of external factors: the beginning of prenatal development the first 3 weeks (all the most important organs are laid), 4-7 weeks ( further development all organs).

By the time of birth, all organs are formed in general terms.

2) Postnatal development of the child (after birth). Methods for studying the specific value of the environment and heredity: 2 groups of the same genotype are distinguished and placed in different conditions, twin - they study morphological similarity, the influence of various living conditions. With the help of the method, the importance of the environment was established in the development of many morphological properties - height, weight, physical development, and for the development of human mental abilities - the properties of memory, the power of voluntary attention, mental activity, and character traits.

In newborns, the brain is immature in morphological and functional terms (80-90% nerve cells mature after birth). In special experiments it was shown that the child's ability to solve complex problems depends on his experience and training.

Giftedness is inherited, but the degree of development of his abilities will depend entirely on education.

Heredity determines only the potential limits of the physical and mental development of children and adolescents, the degree of development of physical. And psycho. characteristics of the child depends on environmental factors.

human physiology

WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY? Don't you know yet? Probably, sooner or later, every person asks the question: how does his body work? Why do we go to bed every night and wake up in the morning? Why do we dream? How does a person grow? Why is it suddenly getting better? The search for answers to these and many other questions is engaged in science, which is called "PHYSIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANIMALS". The word "physiology" Greek origin: physiologia; physis- nature, natural property; logos- teaching, science. If translated literally, it turns out that human and animal physiology is the science of the nature of the human body and animals. Physiology is interested in how the human body works, and where the properties that make it such a unique phenomenon in the Universe come from. What distinguishes living from non-living? Science has not yet arrived at a generally accepted definition of life. However, it is often defined as a way of existence of protein bodies, an integral property of which is the exchange of matter and energy with the external environment. It is now believed that life is also possible on a non-protein basis (for example, there may be flint life). Consequently, the main thing in the definition of life is the presence in a system that claims to be called living, certain properties, the prerogative of studying which, as follows from the definition given above, belongs to physiology.

At the present time there is a crisis in physiology. According to the outstanding Russian physiologist A.M. Ugolev 1 : "physiology - one of the greatest sciences about life - by the middle of the 20th century gave way to its place of honor to new young sciences born in its depths: biophysics, biochemistry, biological mathematics and others."

The roots of many unsolvable fundamental problems of our time are associated with the development of narrow specializations. And only a physiologist can solve the problem of longevity, the treatment of systemic diseases, the mechanism of mental processes, and, accordingly, the creation artificial intelligence and many others.

Human and animal physiology is the theoretical basis of medicine. Until we learn all the intricacies of the structure of the human body, we will not learn how to treat its breakdowns. How much do we know today about the nature of the human body? Probably not much, if according to statistics, even in the USA, when doctors go on strike, the death rate decreases.

The main reason for his pessimism is the state of the problem of the mechanisms of the brain. According to S. Lem, the current level of our knowledge about the mechanisms of the brain is so far from their solution that he has lost faith in artificial intelligence, since in his view the knowledge of the human brain and the creation of artificial intelligence are two interrelated problems.

To answer numerous questions about human nature, the researcher has to go down (and can go up) to the cellular level. Without comprehending the nature of living things in general, it is impossible to understand how the multicellular ensemble of the human body works. Therefore, the subject of its study is not only organs and tissues, but also life at the level of individual cells. Indeed, by and large, we are no more and no less than colonies of unicellular organisms.

Therefore, physiology is the greatest of sciences. She studies the fundamental problems of our time: the life processes of unicellular and multicellular organisms and their associated manifestations. A modern physiologist must know the nature of living organisms, starting from the cellular level, from the simplest multicellular organisms, otherwise one cannot comprehend the nature of man. Physiology is a synthetic science, it synthesizes the knowledge of many areas of human knowledge about the nature of the living. Physiology is more than a branch of biology, it is a philosophy of living organisms, it is a philosophy of life on our planet, and a physiologist is a philosopher of biology.

One of the reasons for the crisis of physiological science, according to A.M. Ugolev, is the division of integral physiological processes into parts and their consideration separately: respiration, digestion, blood circulation, etc. Subsequent attempts at mechanical addition do not allow us to characterize the body as a system of well-coordinated other serial and parallel operations. It is possible to understand the essence of life by combining the disparate facts obtained by many biological sciences, and only a classical physiologist can do this.

One of actual problems modern science is the creation of artificial intelligence. In the sixties, science fiction writer, futurist S. Lem was impressed by the success new science cybernetics predicted the creation of an artificial thinking machine by the end of the 20th century. Not so long ago, in an interview with Computerra magazine No. 392, the same S. Lem admitted that he was disappointed in the prospects for creating artificial intelligence in the near and distant future.

Thus, physiology faces a number of urgent fundamental problems, without the solution of which society will not be able to develop effectively.

Physiology has the following private sections, for example: physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) - exploring the functions of the nervous system; physiology of the cardiovascular system, digestion, physiology of the kidneys, endocrine system, reproductive system, etc.

Some sections of physiology may have a target orientation, for example: age physiology, space, comparative, labor, evolutionary; ecological physiology - a branch of physiology that studies the characteristics of the life of an organism depending on climatic and geographical conditions and a specific habitat; aviation physiology - studies the reactions of the human body to the impact of aviation flight factors in order to develop methods and means of protecting flight personnel from adverse effects.

1. Ugolev A.M. Evolution of digestion and principles of evolution of functions. L.: Nauka, 1985.

Physiology(Greek physis - nature) is a science that studies the functions of the human body, its organs and systems, as well as the mechanisms of regulation of these functions.

Together with anatomy, physiology is the main branch of biology.

Modern physiology is a complex set of general and special scientific disciplines, such as:

• general physiology,
• human physiology, normal and pathological,
• age physiology,
• animal physiology,
• psychophysiology, etc.

Physiology studies the vital processes that take place in the body at all its structural levels:

• cellular,
• fabric,
• organ,
• systemic,
• hardware,
• organismic.

It is closely related to the disciplines of the morphological profile: anatomy, cytology, histology, embryology, since the structure and function mutually determine each other. Physiology widely uses the data of biochemistry and biophysics to study the functional changes that occur in the body and the mechanism of their regulation. Physiology also relies on general biology and evolutionary science as the basis for understanding general patterns.

For psychologists, the study of physiology has an important theoretical and practical value. Their work cannot be complete if they do not know well the functional features of the nervous system and the patterns of higher nervous activity of a person.

Physiology as a science is inextricably linked with other disciplines. It is based on the knowledge of physics, biophysics and biomechanics, chemistry and biochemistry, general biology, genetics, histology, cybernetics, anatomy. In turn, physiology is the basis of medicine, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, theory and methodology of physical education. In the process of the development of physiological science, its various partial sections emerged from general physiology: physiology of labor, physiology of sports, aerospace physiology, physiology of underwater labor, age physiology, psychophysiology, etc.

General physiology is theoretical basis physiology of sports. It describes the main regularities of the activity of the body of people of different ages and genders, various functional states, the mechanisms of operation of individual organs and systems of the body and their interaction.

Its practical significance is scientific justification age stages of development of the human body, individual characteristics individual people, the mechanisms of manifestation of their physical and mental abilities, the features of control and the ability to control the functional state of the body. Physiology reveals the implications bad habits in humans, substantiates ways to prevent functional disorders and maintain health.

Social buttons for Joomla

Education

Physiology is the science of how the organs and systems of living organisms function.

What does the science of physiology study? More than any other biological science, it studies biological processes on elementary level in order to explain how each individual organ and the whole organism works.

The concept of "physiology"

As one famous physiologist Ernest Starling said, physiology of today is the medicine of tomorrow.

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of man. It is the science that serves as the basis for modern medicine. As a discipline, it is relevant to areas such as medicine and health care and provides a foundation for understanding how the human body adapts to stress, disease, and physical activity.

Modern research in the field of human physiology contributes to the emergence of new ways to ensure and improve the quality of life, the development of new medical methods of treatment.

The main principle, which is the basis for the study of human physiology, is the maintenance of homeostasis through the functioning of complex control systems, covering all levels of the hierarchy of human structure and functions (cells, tissues, organs and organ systems).

Related videos

human physiology

Human physiology as a science deals with the study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of a person in good health, his organs and the cells of which they are composed.

The main level of attention of physiology is the functional level of all organs and systems. Ultimately, science provides insight into the complex functions of the organism as a whole.

Anatomy and physiology are closely related fields of study, anatomy studies forms and physiology studies functions. What does human physiology study? This biological discipline deals with the study of how the body functions in a normal state, and also explores the possible dysfunctions of the body and various diseases.

What does the science of physiology study?

Physiology provides answers to questions about how the body works, what happens when a person is born and develops, how body systems adapt to stresses such as exercise or extreme environmental conditions, and how bodily functions change. in painful conditions.

Physiology affects functions at all levels, from nerves to muscles, from the brain to hormones, from molecules and cells to organs and systems.

Human body systems

Human physiology as a science studies the functions of the organs of the human body. The physique includes several systems that work together for the proper functioning of the entire body.

Some systems are interconnected, and one or more elements of one system may be part of or serve as another.

There are 10 major body systems:

1) The cardiovascular system is responsible for pumping blood through the veins and arteries. Blood must flow into the body, constantly producing fuel and gas for the organs, skin and muscles.

2) The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for processing food, digesting it and converting it into energy for the body.

3) The reproductive system is responsible for reproduction.

4) The endocrine system consists of all the key glands responsible for producing secretions.

5) The integumentary system is the so-called "container" for the body, to protect the internal organs.

Her main organ, the skin, is covered with a large number of sensors that transmit external sensory signals to the brain.

6) Musculoskeletal system: the skeleton and muscles are responsible for overall structure and shape of the human body.

7) The respiratory system is represented by the nose, trachea and lungs and is responsible for breathing.

8) The urinary system helps the body get rid of unwanted waste.

9) Nervous System: A network of nerves connects the brain to the rest of the body.

This system is responsible for human senses: sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing.

10) The immune system protects or tries to protect the body from disease and disease. If foreign bodies enter the body, the system begins to produce antibodies to protect the body and destroy unwanted guests.

Who needs to know human physiology and why?

What the science of human physiology studies can be a fascinating topic for physicians and surgeons.

In addition to medicine, other areas of knowledge are also affected. Human physiology data is essential for sports professionals such as coaches and physiotherapists.

In addition, within the framework of the world practice of medicine, different kinds therapy, for example, massage, where it is also important to know how the body works so that the treatment is as effective as possible and brings only benefit, not harm.

The role of microorganisms

Microorganisms play a key role in nature.

They enable the recycling of materials and energy, they can be used as cellular "factories" for the production of antibiotics, enzymes and foods, they can also cause infectious diseases in humans (for example, foodborne infection), animals and plants. Their existence directly depends on the ability to adapt to a changeable environment, the availability of nutrients and light, the pH factor also plays an important role, such categories as pressure, temperature and many others.

Physiology of microorganisms

The basis of the vital activity of microorganisms and all other living beings is the exchange of substances with the environment (metabolism).

In the study of such a discipline as the physiology of microorganisms, metabolism plays an important role. This is the process of building chemical compounds in the cell and their destruction in the course of activity to obtain the necessary energy and building elements.

Metabolism includes anabolism (assimilation) and catabolism (dissimilation).

The physiology of microorganisms studies the processes of growth, development, nutrition, ways of obtaining energy for the implementation of these processes, as well as their interaction with the environment.

Comments

Similar content

News and Society
Aesthetics - what is it?

The Science of Beauty. Ethics and aesthetics

The modern worldview cannot exist without such concepts as ethics and aesthetics. However, in order to understand the differences between these terms, it is worth understanding many nuances in general.

In particular, with the definition of…

Education
Paralinguistics is ... What does science study?

This article will allow the reader to define the meaning of the term "paralinguistics", analyze in detail its meaning in human life, study the features and functions of this science and get acquainted with a brief history. What is more…

Education
Phrenology - what is it? What does phrenology study?

Modern science is a consequence of the rapid development of scientific thought in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At that time, the scientific approach to many events was just beginning to take shape, and scientists created a lot of directions, ...

Education
What does economic geography, physical geography and regional economics study?

What does the socio-economic geography of Russia and the world study?

So, what does the economic geography of the world and Russia study? What is the subject of landscape studies? What does economic geography and regional economics study? Origins of science When did geography arise?

Education
What is a biologist? What does the science of biology study?

A teacher of this discipline calls himself a biologist in educational institution, specialist in the field of genetic research, employee botanical garden or a zoo. So what is a biologist anyway? What is this profession?...

Education
What does the science of hippology study?

And many don't even know it exists. Bo…

Education
What is animal ethology? What does the science of ethology study?

What is ethology? It is the science that studies the behavior of animals. In order to study a certain species, it is necessary to observe it in a natural setting.

However, in order to study the principles underlying the observable...

Education
What is zoology? What does the science of zoology study?

Modern organic world with all its diverse biomass can be divided into five kingdoms of wildlife: animals; plants; fungi; bacteria; viruses. Studied ...

Education
What is Embryology? What does the science of embryology study?

The science of biology includes a whole range of different sections, because it is difficult to embrace all the diversity of living things and study all the vast biomass that our planet provides us with one discipline. Each…

Education
What is studied and what is the name of the science of the Earth and man?

The first thing that comes to mind when it comes to Earth science is geography.

Indeed, it is the oldest science that studies our planet in the broadest sense of the word, including its main life ...

Lecture Search

Branches of biology.

1. Anatomy— studies internal structure living organisms

2. Physiology - studies the life processes of organisms

3. Histology- a branch of biology that studies the structure, life and development fabrics living organisms

Morphology- the science of the structure and shape of organisms, features of the external structure

5. Microbiology- the subject of study are microorganisms (mainly viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa) and their biological characteristics and relationships with other organisms.

Mycology - mushroom science

7. Bryology- the science of mosses

8. Ethology - animal behavior science

9. Ichthyology - fish science

10. Orinthology - bird science

11. Zoology - animal science

12. Ecology - the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with environmental factors

Cytology - cell science

14. evolutionary doctrine- the science that studies patterns historical development organic world

15. Systematics the science that studies the relationships of organisms

Paleontology- the science of organisms that existed in past geological periods and preserved in the form of fossil remains, as well as traces of their vital activity (remains of extinct organisms)

Biophysics - explores the biological structures and functions of organisms by physical methods

18. Biochemistry - explores the foundations of life processes and phenomena by chemical methods on biological objects

Biotechnology - studies the possibilities of using microorganisms as raw materials

20. Hygiene- a branch of medicine that studies the influence of living and working conditions on human health and develops measures aimed at preventing diseases, ensuring optimal living conditions, strengthening health and prolonging life.

Genetics- the science of the laws of heredity and variability.

22. Psychology- a science that studies the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of the psyche and mental activity of a person and groups of people.

check yourself

What is the name of the science that studies the laws of the historical development of the organic world?

1) anatomy

2) evolutionary teaching

3) genetics

4) ecology

The science of cytology was developed thanks to the creation

1) evolutionary doctrine

2) cell theory

3) reflex theory

4) gene theory

Systematics is the science that studies

1) the functions of organisms in nature

2) family ties of organisms

3) lifestyle of organisms

4) the external structure of organisms

What science studies the process of photosynthesis?

1) genetics

2) physiology

3) ecology

4) taxonomy

The patterns of transmission of hereditary traits are studied

1) genetics

2) anthropology

3) ecology

4) molecular biology

What science studies the fossil remains of extinct organisms?

1) paleontology

2) genetics

3) embryology

4) taxonomy

Which term in Greek means "knowledge of the soul"?

1) anatomy

2) physiology

3) hygiene

4) psychology

Which practical science develops methods to preserve and improve human health?

1) anatomy

2) anthropology

3) veterinary

4) hygiene

When planting plants in your backyard, you are likely to use the knowledge gained from the area

1) medicine

2) evolutionary doctrine

3) agricultural technology

4) molecular biology

What of the p-re-numbers-len-no-go does the science of "physiology" study?

1) structure of insect cells

2) si-ste-ma-ti-ku in roof-to-seed plants

3) pro-processes inside-ri-cle-toch-no-go-dy-ha-niya of fish

4) the structure of the back-of-them-no-stay frogs

What of the p-re-numbers-len-no-go does the science of "cytology" study?

1) si-ste-ma-ti-ku chor-do-vy animals

2) structure of plant cells

3) chi-mi-che-sky reactions of breathing

4) morpho-logo-gyu per-red-them of ko-nech-no-stays of animals

The patterns of pe-re-da-chi on-consecutive signs are studying

1) genetics

2) taxonomy

3) anthropology

4) biochemistry

1) paleontology

2) etymology

3) physiology

4) genetics

Which of the many sciences is not related to biological sciences?

1) anthropology

2) zoology

3) cryptology

4) botany

Which of the following sciences studies the structure of cells of a non-human person?

1) he-not-ti-ka

2) em-bryo-lo-gy

3) cytology

4) physiology

Which of the following sciences studies the structure of a person's ro-dy-sha?

1) qi-to-lo-gy

2) he-not-ti-ka

3) physiology

4) embryologists

The ri-sun-ke shows a fragment of the en-tse-fa-lo-gram-we of a person.

Ras-cipher-ro-vat her pos-vo-lyat knowledge in the field

1) anatomy

2) physiology

3) genetics

4) hygiene

What science studies the structure and races of the ancient ferns?

1) se-lecture

2) eco-logia

3) physiology

4) paleontology

What science studies the vza-and-mo-from-no-she-niya of living or-ga-niz-m and their habitat?

1) fe-no-lo-gia

2) physio-lo-gy

3) taxonomy

4) ecology

Levels of organization of living matter

Molecular - represented by molecules.

Any living system manifests itself at the level of functioning of complex organic compounds that differ in large molecules (biopolymers).

Cellular - represented by cells. The cell is a structural and functional unit, as well as a unit of development of living organisms.

Organismic - a multicellular organism is an integral system of organs for performing various functions, unicellular organism is an integral living system capable of independent existence.

Population - specific A group of organisms of the same species that share a common habitat.

It is here that the simplest evolutionary transformations take place.

Ecosystem (biogeocenotic)- a set of organisms of different species and factors of their habitat, united by the metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.

Biospheric - higher order system.

At this level, the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy occur, associated with the vital activity of all living organisms living on our planet.

Check yourself.

What level of organization of life is reflected in this photo?

1) molecular genetic

2) organoid-cellular

3) biogeocenotic

4) population-species

What level of organization of life is reflected in this figure?

1) molecular genetic

2) organoid-cellular

3) organismic

4) biogeocenotic

What level of organization of life is reflected in the engraving by I.

Shishkin "Stream in the Forest"

1) biogeocenotic

2) population-species

3) biosphere

4) organoid-cellular

What level of organization of the living is the main object of study of cytology?

1) biogeocenotic

2) population-species

3) cellular

4) biosphere

biology methods

scientific method - a set of techniques and operations used in the construction of a system of scientific knowledge.

Observation - deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties.

The observation method lies at the heart of the descriptive method.

Descriptive method - description of objects and phenomena. It consists in collecting factual material and describing it.

Comparison - comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences.

Historical method - comparison of observational results with previously obtained results.

Experiment - purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, allowing to reproduce and observe these phenomena.

Active influence on the object of study.

Modeling - the use of abstract models, schemes, descriptions, replacing real objects and processes.

Genealogical method - consists in the analysis of pedigrees and allows you to determine the type of inheritance (dominant or recessive, autosomal or sex-linked) of the trait.

Based on the information obtained, the probability of the manifestation of the studied trait in the offspring is predicted.

Pa-le-he-to-lo-gi-che-sky me-to-dy- you-yav-le-tion is-ko-pa-e-my pro-me-zhu-precise forms, re-sta-new-le-ni fi-lo-ge-not-ti-che-sky rows and about-on-ru-the-same-after-to-va-tel-no-sti is-ko-pa-e-my forms.

One of the main methods, which is used in cytology, is method of light-howl micro-ro-sco-pie- ras-smat-ri-va-nie under a microscope.

Scientific knowledge:

Observation of an object or phenomenon is carried out - based on the data obtained, a hypothesis (assumption) is put forward - a scientific experiment is carried out - the hypothesis being tested in the course can be called a theory or a law.

Theory- doctrine, system of ideas or principles.

It is a set of generalized provisions that describe science or its section.

observed fact- this is a description of what can be observed under certain conditions.

Observation conditions - a description of the conditions under which it is possible to observe the statement described in the first part of the statement.

Check yourself.

What bio-logi-che-research can the woman depicted in the Henri Ma-this-s painting “Woman in front of an aquarium” conduct?

1) determine the physical properties of the water in the aquarium

2) compare the composition of the water in the ak-va-ri-um with the water in the river

3) determine the vi-do-howl composition of the obi-ta-te-lei aquarium

4) describe the shape of the aquarium

The fact of the existence of seasonal molting in animals was established

1) microcopy method

2) observation method

3) experimental method

4) hybridological method

It is possible to accurately determine the degree of effect of fertilizers on plant growth using the method

1) experiment

2) observations

3) simulation

4) analysis

What method did I use?

P. Pavlov to establish the reflex nature of the secretion of gastric juice?

1) description

2) observation

3) experiment

4) simulation

The scientist suggested that some insects look like plant branches, because this similarity saves them from predators.

With greater accuracy, he can confirm or refute this assumption by the method

1) measurements

2) descriptions

3) comparisons

4) experiment

An example of the application of the experimental research method can be considered

1) comparison of two slides

2) measurement of the patient's blood pressure

3) formation of a conditioned reflex to a call

4) description of a new type of organisms

The scientist wants to find out the patterns of inheritance of eye color in children in several generations of the same family.

What research method will he use?

1) experimental

2) genealogical

3) observations

4) hybridological

What method will a botanist use when establishing the relationship between plants rye (1) and sweet corn (2)?

1) abstraction

2) comparisons

3) simulation

4) experimental

The creation of diagrams, drawings, objects similar to natural ones belongs to the group of methods

1) simulation

2) measurements

3) observations

4) experimental

The use of ka-ko-go on-uch-no-go me-to-da il-lu-stri-ru-et the plot of the car-ty-ny of the Dutch-go-ho-doge-no-ka Ya.

Wall "Pulse", on-pi-san-noy in the se-re-di-not of the 17th century?

1) simulation

2) measurement

3) experiment

4) abstraction

Which of the following can be studied with the help of pa-le-he-to-lo-gi-che methods?

1) sexual behavior of amphibians

2) the evolution of mammals

3) the fine structure of the or-ga-no-and-dov cells

4) dependence of the reaction rate on temperature

Which of the following can be studied with the help of observation?

1) dependence of the reaction rate on temperature

2) the fine structure of the or-ga-no-and-dov cells

3) sexual behavior of amphibians

4) the evolution of mammals

What method would you use to study bees?

1) microscopy

2) hybridization

3) autopsy

4) observation

What method would you use to study the structure of plant cells?

1) hybridization

2) autopsy

3) microscopy

4) experiment

What is the method of the house vos-pol-zo-val-sya I.P.

pavlov

1) observation

2) simulation

3) experiment

4) Description

What research method does the girl in the picture use?

1) ex-pe-ri-ment

2) on-blue-de-nie

3) comparison

What method does a zoologist use when establishing kinship between a lake frog (1) and a green toad (2)?

1) ab-stra-gi-ro-va-nia

2) ex-pe-ri-men-tal-nym

3) simulation

4) comparisons

The system of the most general knowledge in a certain field of science is

2) experiment

4) hypothesis

Formulating a hypothesis means

1) collect available facts

2) make a guess

3) confirm the objectivity of the data obtained

4) conduct an experiment

The specialty of a scientist who treats pets is called

1) agronomist

2) livestock specialist

3) breeder

4) veterinarian

The specialty of a scientist who studies the structure and functions of cells is called

1) cytologist

2) embryologist

4) breeder

Which instrument measures the amount of sugar in a person's blood?

1) dynamometer

2) spirometer

3) phonendoscope

4) glucometer

©2015-2018 poisk-ru.ru
All rights belong to their authors.

PHYSIOLOGY is the science of the vital activity of an organism as a whole, its interaction with the external environment, and the dynamics of life processes.

In the course of its development, physiology went through several stages:

empirical, anatomical-functional, functional.

At each stage in the study of a physiological process or phenomenon, there were two directions (approaches) - analytical and systemic.

Analytical direction is characterized by the study of a specific process occurring in any living object (organ, tissue or cell) as an independent, i.e.

i.e. out of its connection with other processes in the object under study. This direction gives a comprehensive idea of ​​the mechanisms of this process.

Systemic the direction aims to study a specific process in its relationship with others occurring at the level of the organism as a whole.

For physiology as a science, both directions are necessary. At different stages of the development of physiology, the ratio of these directions changed: at the early stages of the development of physiology, the analytical direction prevailed, at later stages, the systemic one.

For modern stage characteristic is the further deepening of the analytical approach (the study of processes at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels). At the same time, it has become customary to correlate these processes with the processes of the whole organism. The discovery of systemic patterns in the activity of living organisms has shown that in order to perform certain functions, its individual organs and their systems are selectively combined, which ensures the achievement of a useful adaptive result.

Such associations were named by P. K. Anokhin functional systems.

functional system called a set of central and peripheral formations of the body, the activity of which is aimed at achieving a useful adaptive result.

This set of peripheral and central structures, their processes and mechanisms, which function as a single whole, is formed dynamically, the functional unification of various organs and their systems (i.e., integration of functions) is carried out due to their ability to interact.

This interaction is due to the presence of connections in the body - correlations. There are four types of correlations.

1. Physical correlation - implemented through mechanical, electrical, optical, sound, electromagnetic, thermal and other processes (for example, contraction of a muscle attached to a bone, or filling of heart cavities with blood, leading to stretching of their walls, etc.);

2. humoral correlation carried out through the liquid media of the body with the help of various biologically active substances. Features of this type of correlation:

- also occurs in all organisms;

- has a diffuse (generalized) character, i.e.

e. through liquid media, a substance can reach all organs and tissues;

- relative autonomy;

- relative specificity due to the selective sensitivity of target cells to biologically active substances, including hormones and medicines;

- slow development of its action;

- inertia.

3. neural correlation carried out by the nervous system the following features:

- high speed of development of action;

— communication accuracy;

- high specificity - a strictly defined number of components required at the moment participate in the reaction.

neurohumoral correlation. In the process of evolution, the nervous and humoral types of correlations were combined into a neurohumoral form, when the urgent involvement of organs in the process of action by means of nervous correlation is supplemented and prolonged by humoral factors.

Nervous and humoral correlations play a leading role in unification (integration) constituent parts(components) of an organism into a single whole - an organism.

At the same time, they seem to complement each other with their own characteristics. The humoral connection has a generalized character. It is simultaneously implemented throughout the body.

The nervous connection has a directional character, that is, it is the most selective - it is realized in each specific case mainly at the level of certain components of the body.

To achieve a useful adaptive result, the relationship between organs must be of a definite, directed nature, i.e.

e. organs must interact with each other according to certain patterns. Such an interaction in physiology is carried out regulation. Regulation is such a process of changing activity in a certain direction. There are four types of regulation according to the types of correlation: mechanical, humoral, nervous, neurohumoral.

The regulation of functions is the basis for ensuring the constancy of the internal environment of the body and its adaptation to changing conditions of existence. The study of the patterns of maintaining the constancy of the internal environment showed that it is carried out according to the principle of self-regulation through the formation of functional systems.

Under self-regulation understand this type of regulation, when the deviation of the controlled parameter is a stimulus for its restoration.

To implement the principle of self-regulation, the interaction of the following components of functional systems is necessary:

— Regulated parameter (object of regulation, constant).

- Control devices that monitor the deviation of this parameter under the influence of external and internal factors.

— Apparatuses of regulation, providing a directed action on the activity of organs, on which the restoration of the deviated parameter depends.

- Apparatuses of action - organs and systems of organs, the change in the activity of which in accordance with regulatory influences, leads to the restoration of the initial value of the parameter.

- Reverse afferentation - carries information to the regulatory apparatus about the achievement or non-achievement of a useful result, about the return or non-return of the deviated parameter to the norm.

The central link of any functional system, its a customer-forming factor, is result. The result is constantly under the influence of external and internal factors that can lead to changes in its value, i.

i.e. to a deviation from a constant level, which is immediately captured by control devices, which are represented by various receptors in the body.

Information about the state of the result from the receptors comes through the nervous and humoral pathways to the regulatory apparatus (nerve centers).

In the regulatory apparatuses, the received information about the state of the useful result is evaluated and the corresponding commands are generated to the action apparatuses (effectors), the change in the activity of which leads to the achievement of a useful result, i.e., to the return of the deviated parameter to a constant level (Fig. 1). The theory of functional systems is an important tool in understanding the patterns of formation of one or another type of adaptive activity of the body and its violations.

When a person is ill, an analysis of the components of a functional system, impaired activity will help the doctor to most effectively search for the causes of the disease, localize and character of the dysfunction, and outline ways to compensate for the impaired function.

1. General scheme of the functional system.

1 - regulating parameter, system-forming factor, useful adaptive result

2 - control devices (receptors)

3 - metabolic processes

4 — afferent neural pathway

5 - humoral pathway

6 - regulatory apparatus, central nervous system

7 - reaction apparatuses

8 - hormonal regulation

9 - behavior

10 - reverse afferentation

12345678910Next ⇒

Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 480 | Page copyright infringement

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.002 s) ...

Physiology literally means the study of nature. This is a science that studies the life processes of an organism, its constituent physiological systems, individual organs, tissues, cells and subcellular structures, the mechanisms of regulation of these processes, as well as the effect of environmental factors on the dynamics of life processes.

History of the development of physiology

Initially, ideas about the functions of the body were formed on the basis of the work of scientists Ancient Greece and Rome: Aristotle, Hippocrates, Gallen, and others, as well as scientists from China and India.

Physiology became an independent science in the 17th century, when, along with the method of observing the activity of the body, the development of experimental research methods began. This was facilitated by the work of Harvey, who studied the mechanisms of blood circulation; Descartes, who described the reflex mechanism.

In the 19th and 20th centuries physiology is developing rapidly. So, studies of tissue excitability were carried out by K. Bernard, Lapik. A significant contribution was made by scientists: Ludwig, Dubois-Reymond, Helmholtz, Pfluger, Bell, Langley, Hodgkin and domestic scientists: Ovsyanikov, Nislavsky, Zion, Pashutin, Vvedensky.

Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov is called the father of Russian physiology. Of outstanding importance were his works on the study of the functions of the nervous system (central or Sechenov's inhibition), respiration, fatigue processes, etc. In his work "Reflexes of the Brain" (1863), he developed the idea of ​​the reflex nature of the processes occurring in the brain, including thought processes. Sechenov proved that the psyche is determined by external conditions, i.e. its dependence on external factors.

An experimental substantiation of Sechenov's provisions was carried out by his student Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. He expanded and developed the reflex theory, studied the functions of the digestive organs, the mechanisms of regulation of digestion, blood circulation, developed new approaches to conducting physiological experience "methods of chronic experience". For work on digestion in 1904 he was awarded Nobel Prize. Pavlov studied the main processes occurring in the cortex hemispheres. Using the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he laid the foundations of the science of higher nervous activity. In 1935, at the World Congress of Physiologists I.P. Pavlov was called the patriarch of the physiologists of the world.

Purpose, tasks, subject of physiology

Animal experiments provide a lot of information for understanding the functioning of the body. However, the physiological processes occurring in the human body have significant differences. Therefore, in general physiology, a special science is distinguished - human physiology. The subject of human physiology is a healthy human body.

Main goals:

1. study of the mechanisms of functioning of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, the body as a whole;

2. study of the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of organs and organ systems;

3. identification of the reactions of the body and its systems to changes in the external and internal environment, as well as the study of the mechanisms of emerging reactions.

Experiment and its role.

Physiology is an experimental science and its main method is experiment:

1. Sharp experience or vivisection ("live cutting"). In its process, under anesthesia, a surgical intervention is performed and the function of an open or closed organ is examined. After the experience, the survival of the animal is not achieved. The duration of such experiments is from several minutes to several hours. For example, the destruction of the cerebellum in a frog. The shortcomings of the acute experience are the short duration of the experience, the side effects of anesthesia, blood loss and subsequent death of the animal.

2. chronic experience is carried out by carrying out surgical intervention at the preparatory stage to access the organ, and after healing, they begin research. For example, the imposition of a salivary duct fistula in a dog. These experiences last up to several years.

3. Sometimes isolated subacute experience. Its duration is weeks, months.

Experiments on humans are fundamentally different from classical ones:

1. most studies are carried out in a non-invasive way (ECG, EEG);

2. studies that do not harm the health of the subject;

3. clinical experiments - the study of the functions of organs and systems in case of their damage or pathology in the centers of their regulation.

Registration of physiological functions carried out by various methods:

1. simple observations;

2. graphic registration.

In 1847, Ludwig proposed a kymograph and a mercury manometer for recording blood pressure. This made it possible to minimize experimental errors and facilitate the analysis of the obtained data. The invention of the string galvanometer made it possible to record the ECG.

At present, registration of the bioelectric activity of tissues and organs and the microelectronic method are of great importance in physiology. The mechanical activity of organs is recorded using mechano-electrical transducers. The structure and function of internal organs are studied using ultrasonic waves, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computed tomography.

All data obtained using these techniques are fed to electric writing devices and recorded on paper, photographic film, in computer memory and subsequently analyzed.